Symptoms And Treatment Of Hiv / Aids - 1531 Words

Human immunodeficiency virus, also referred to as HIV, is a virus that weakens the body’s immune system which restricts it from fighting infectious diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2016). HIV can be transmitted through body fluids such as blood, semen, breast milk, or sexual contact (CDC, 2016). There are three stages as HIV progresses; the first stage takes place within the first month it is acquired. These early symptoms are often confused with a cold as they include fatigue, headache, rash, and sore throat (CDC, 2016). If HIV is left untreated, it becomes more severe and advances to the last stage known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). As the disease progresses, patients being experiencing†¦show more content†¦Population African-American males are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS across the United States. According to the CDC (2016), African-Americans accounted for 40% of everyone living with HIV. This community, howev er, constitutes of 12% of the total population (Siddiqi, Hu, Hall, 2015). Furthermore, 31% of this community has never been tested for HIV, increasing the likelihood of transmission (Siddiqi, Hu, Hall, 2015). In 2015, out of 17,670 newly identified cases amongst African-Americans, more than half were men. In recent years, diagnoses of African-American men has continued to increase by nearly 25% (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). The age group that is mostly affected by new cases are between 20 to 29 years old (Siddiqi, Hu, Hall, 2015). Mortality rates are equally as high; 53% of deaths due to HIV are African-Americans (CDC, 2017). In 2012, Florida reported the highest mortality rate of African-Americans with HIV, while Idaho reported none (Siddiqi, Hu, Hall, 2015). States with the highest rates of mortality include California, Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, and New York. Moreover, death rates are alarmingly high amongst African-American men over the age of 55. Sexual Orientation Rates of HIV/AIDS amongst gay and bisexual African-American men are increasingly higher than in heterosexual males. Across all gay and bisexual men, African-Americans accounted for the highest rates, 39% (CDC, 2017).Show MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Hiv / Aids1789 Words   |  8 PagesTHESIS: Those diagnosed with HIV encounter a litany of complications other than a physical issue, many suffer from mental health illnesses. Many diagnosed with HIV deny the fact that they have this physical issue, resulting in insane mental health. Under the coping section, UCSF leans towards the emotional response to accepting the fact of carrying HIV. Dealing with HIV provides stress and disturbia towards being active, and seeking help. â€Å"Worldwide, 34 million people are HIV positive, 23.8 million orRead MoreThe Disease Hiv / Aids964 Words   |  4 PagesMs.Bertelsen Biology (honors)Period 6 3/24/17 The Disease HIV/AIDS The disease HIV first appeared in Africa in the 1800’s. It originated from a chimpanzee and was likely transmitted to humans when the chimpanzee was hunted down for food and the hunters came into contact with the infected blood. The disease became an epidemic around the 1970’s and has since affected the lives of many people worldwide (aids.gov, what is HIV/AIDS). HIV is also known as human immunodeficiency virus and it is aRead MoreAIDS Essay examples1537 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Paper: AIDS Did you know that in the United States of America the sixth leading cause of death in people from their mid 20’s through their mid 40’s is AIDS (Zuger, 2010)? AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and is a disease derived from the virus known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The immune system gets broken down when someone has AIDS and it is basically the highest form of HIV. When a person has HIV, the CD4 cells get infected and start to deteriorate and once theRead MoreHiv / Aids And Its Effects On Society1500 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), and is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. AIDS HIV/AIDS deteriorates a person s ability to fight infections. It can be transmitted through direct contact of a mucous member or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid and breast milk and through unprotec ted sex and needle sharing. An HIV test checks finding. Medications mayRead MoreHiv And The Human Body1175 Words   |  5 PagesStates alone, 1.1 million people are living with HIV. Additional people become sick, but people continue to spread the virus to others. Do people even know what HIV is? Do they know what this virus does to their body? Such questions make it necessary to examine what can be done. What is HIV; how do people get HIV; and what is being done to help them? HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Humans are the only beings that can get this infection. The HIV infection can find and attack a significantRead MoreHiv / Aids : The Virus And Its Effect On Human1547 Words   |  7 Pages HIV/AIDS: The Virus and Its Effect on Human Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), and is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. AIDS HIV/AIDS deteriorates a person s ability to fight infections. It is contracted through unprotected sex or needle sharing. An HIV test checks finding. Medications may subdue the virus and delay the onset of AIDS. HIV/AIDS has had a great impact on society, both as an illness and as a source clear-sightednessRead MoreHiv / Aids : The Virus And Its Effect On Human1501 Words   |  7 PagesHIV/AIDS: The Virus and Its Effect on Human HIV stands for (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). This virus causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), and it means the person is in the most advanced stages of HIV infection. AIDS HIV/AIDS deteriorates a person s ability to fight infections. It can be transmitted through direct contact of a mucous member or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid and breast milk and through unprotectedRead MoreHIV and Aids are something that have been a major problem in a large part of the world for many1400 Words   |  6 PagesHIV and Aids are something that have been a major problem in a large part of the world for many years. These viruses have destroyed many families and have taken many people’s lives. There are many different ways for a person to receive the virus. As of today, there is still no cure for these horrible diseases. Until scientists and doctors are able to find a medicine that can cure them, many pe ople will continue to be affected by these diseases. This research paper will break down each virusRead MoreHiv Stands For Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This Is A898 Words   |  4 PagesHIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. This is a sexually transmitted disease that will eventually morph itself into a disease known as AIDS, which stands for acquired immunodeficiency. HIV breaks down the immune system where it becomes extremely difficult to fight diseases that attack the body. Though HIV is most commonly transferred sexually, other way like through contact with infected blood, or from a mother to a baby through child birth, and if that doesn’t do it then the person who isRead MoreCD4 Cells Essay846 Words   |  4 Pagescells are targets for contracting HIV as a transmembrane protein that is part of the virus has a high affinity for CD4 cells, this protein is gp41 (Coico, Sunshine, 2009, P. 269). Dendritic cells, CD4+ T cells, and macrophages all contain CD4 and th erefore, are targeted by HIV. Another glycoprotein that is introduced by HIV is gp120. Gp120 and gp41 are bound to each other and, once gp41 is bound to the CD4 molecule, gp120 binds to a second molecule, allowing HIV to invade the cell (Coico, Sunshine

Chapter One of Great Expectations Essay - 767 Words

COURSEWORK ‘How effective is chapter one as an opening to â€Å"great expectations†?’ The first chapter is set in the grave yard, where pip is looking at the tombstones of his dead parents and brothers. ‘Arranged in a neat row beside their grave, and were sacred to the memory of five little brothers of mine- who gave up trying to get a living exceedingly early in that universal struggle’. He is stating that all of his brothers gave in to death, which gives the idea that life expectancy was low for everyone. He then goes on to describe the area surrounding his home ‘Ours was the marsh country, down by the river, within, as the river wound, twenty miles from the sea’. He is clearly explaining that he lives quite close to the sea,†¦show more content†¦children’s tombstones. The style of writing contains a lot of repetition, this gives a persistent effect, e.g. ‘†you bring me a file.† He tilted me again. â€Å"And you get me wittles† he tilted me again† â€Å"you bring them both to me† he tilted me again â€Å"or I’ll have your heart and liver out!† he tilted me again’. Also it very clear that the story is written from an adults’ point of view looking back to when he was a child because the language is so mature and complex that it’s just impossible to think that a 9 year old child could speak that way. The sentences are long, descriptive and seem to always follow a rhythm. Dickens plays around with language to give a clear image of pip’s imagination. ‘The shape of the letters on my fathers, gave me an odd idea that he was a square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair. From the character and turn of the inscription, Also Georgiana Wife of the above, I drew a childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly’. The quote shows how pip imagines his parents from the lettering of their tombstones. In the first chapter Pip meets the convict. He doesn’t think much of the meeting later on is life but this meeting ends up being the most important event in the novel. That meeting probably led to pip thinking that Miss Havisham, an old yet rich and heart broken bride, thought that she was his benefactor and that he was meant to grow into aShow MoreRelatedChapter One of Great Expectations Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the Significance of Chapter One of Great Expectations in Relation to the Novel as a Whole? Great Expectations is a novel written by Charles Dickens and is considered to be one of his best stories. The plot follows a young boy named Phillip Pirrip or Pip and it focuses on his growth as he matures from a young boy into a fully grown man. He had always had great expectations of himself, wishing to become someone of high social class - as this was set and written in the VictorianRead MoreEssay about Chapter One of Dickens Great Expectations1858 Words   |  8 PagesChapter One of Dickens Great Expectations The title of the novel that I studied is, Great Expectations, written in the 19th century by Charles Dickens. Pip, an orphan often goes to the cemetery to mourn for his dead parents and brothers. While mourning one day, a convict hiding in that same cemetery scares him. All that he thinks of is to listen and obey the man. As the story evolves, we are also introduced to the sentimental part of Pips life. He is in love withRead MoreChapter One and Thirty Nine of Great Expectations Essay1814 Words   |  8 PagesCompare chapter 1 of Great Expectations, in which Pip first meets the convict, with chapter 39, when the convict returns. Charles Dickens is considered to be one of the greatest English novelists of the Victorian period. This greatest of Victorian writers was born in Landport, Portsmouth, on February 7, 1812. His father John worked as a clerk in the Navy Payroll Office in Portsmouth. It was his personal experience of factory work and the living conditions of the poor that created in DickensRead More Compare Chapter One of Great Expectations, in which Pip first meets1737 Words   |  7 PagesCompare Chapter One of Great Expectations, in which Pip first meets the convict, with Chapter 39 when he returns. Pip Pirrip is our main character of the story ‘Great Expectations’ by Charles Dickens. From what we’ve read in chapter one, we have found out that he is an orphan living in Kent with his older sister and her husband, Joe Gargery. We are not sure about his age but we can guess that he is around eight years old. He meets an escaped convict by the name of Magwitch, who asks himRead MoreEssay about Settings in Great Expectations928 Words   |  4 PagesShow how Dickens uses settings in Great Expectations to enhance our understanding of character and the symbolic elements of the plot - Great expectations Show how Dickens uses settings in Great Expectations to enhance our understanding of character and the symbolic elements of the plot. As we notice in the novel Great Expectations, Charles Dickens uses many different narrative techniques other than the usual description. One of these techniques is that of describing character throughRead More How the Views of Magwitch Change through the Course of the Novel734 Words   |  3 PagesHow the Views of Magwitch Change through the Course of the Novel Great Expectations is about a boy called Pip, who has Great Expectations and doesnt want to be poor all his life. Along his way, a lot of strange things happen to him, such as meeting strange people and getting money off unknown people. Great Expectations was wrote in 1860 and was Dickens thirteenth novel. This essay will be about how our views on Magwitch change through the story, such as at the beginning us thinkingRead MoreThe General Theory Of Employment, Interest, And Money.1653 Words   |  7 Pageshis toddler years in Cambridge where he attended kindergarten. In 1889, he attended his first kindergarten lessons at Perse School for Girls where he was supposed to attend lessons for five days a week. At the initial stage of education, he showed great interest in Arithmetic, laying a firm foundation for his future career as an economist (Bateman, et al. 2010) As his health was not good at this time, he had to take his lessons from home lessons since he could not attend classes on a regular basisRead MoreEssay about Great Expectations, Life of Pi and the Great Gatsby1274 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Literature Summer Task The Great Gatsby, Life of Pi and Great Expectations: The Opening Chapters The opening chapters of each of these three books are both similar and different in many ways, and succeed to keep the reader interested enough to carry on their journey with Pip, Nick or Pi. The way characterisation is put forward in these three novels is rather similar, in the fact that all three are written in the first person, giving the impression that the character in question is tellingRead MoreThe Relationship Between Pip and Abel Magwitch in Charles Dickens Great Expectations1125 Words   |  5 PagesMagwitch in Charles Dickens Great Expectations In this essay, I am to observe the changes in the relationship between Pip and the convict Abel Magwitch in chapters 1 and 39 by examining Read MoreCharles Dickens: Great Expectations Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens: Great Expectations Describe how Dickens creates atmosphere and introduces characters in Chapter One of Great Expectations. In this essay I am going to describe how Dickens successfully uses tension and drama to create atmosphere and to introduce his characters status, emotions and identity in the opening chapter of Great Expectations. The central character, Pip, is followed from youth as he makes the journey from poverty to riches and back again as

Tetracycline Dizziness and Vertigo

Question: Discuss about the Tetracyclinefor Dizziness and Vertigo. Answer: Introduction Bacterial infections are caused when a harmful strain of bacteria enter the body. Less than 1% of the bacteria cause infections inside the body. These pathogenic bacteria are the main cause of symptoms and disease in humans. It causes infections like typhoid, tetanus, food borne diseases, cholera, tuberculosis and leprosy. The bacteria invade the bodies of the human beings and can survive and multiply. The body fluids as plasma is rich in vitamins, sugar and minerals that act as nutrients for the bacterias survival. Bacteria circumvent the immune system of the humans through many strategies. There is molecular mimicry, suppression of the antibiotics or release the antigen directly into the bloodstream. They also adopt strategies that are directed against the phagocytes that are microphages. The suppression of the antibiotics is the best form of attack by the bacteria where they suppress the specific cells that target and react against them. This mechanism is the main targeting site w here the antibiotics work to stop the progression of disease or the pathogenic condition (Nguyen et al., 2014). Out of all antibiotics, tetracycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic that is used extensively to treat bacterial infections. It is prescribed as it prevents the growth and spread of the bacterial infection. It is naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. This results in the inhibition of protein synthesis. It binds to the 30s ribosomal subunit in the complex of mRNA translation machinery and is called 30s inhibitor. It is 6-carbon ring fused together. It is bacteriostatic in nature; however, it has wide bacterial resistance. It slows down or stops the growth of the cells as it disrupts the processes that lead to synthesis of new proteins. They preferentially bind to the ribosome of the bacteria as there are structural differences in the RNA subunits. The transport system of the bacteria is exploited by tetracycline and that increases the concentration of the antibiotic within the host cell to be higher than the surrounding concentration. In this way, tetracycline works to target the bacteria and stops the progression of the bacterial infection. Current Treatments The drugs within the tetracycline class are tetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline and minocycline. However, among all these, doxycycline and minocycline antibiotics are the currently prescribed drugs under tetracycline classification. These kinds of tetracyclines have longer half time and better absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It requires only once-daily administration as the half time is about 17 hours. The adverse events are also of low frequency and less side effects of these drugs. Doxycycline is excreted through intestinal tract and that allows treatment even in the renal insufficiency. The greatest advantage of tetracycline is that they are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. They have a penetration power into the cells and various tissues. Tetracyclines are a broad class of antibiotics effective on gram negative and positive bacteria. The main mechanism of action lies in the inhibition of protein synthesis via binding to the bacterial ribosome 30s. Tetracycline is an effective prescribed anti-malarial drug and effective over many pathogens. It exerts its antibiotic effect by bacterial ribosome binding and as a result, the protein synthesis is arrested. Generally, bacterial ribosomes have a high-binding affinity for the 30s subunit ribosomes and allosteric action of tetracycline when bind to the amino acyl-tRNA at the acceptor site (A-site), protein synthesis is ceased (Forsberg et al., 2015). Minocycline has the ability to cross the cell membranes being a potent anti-apoptotic agent. The mechanism of action lies in targeting the apoptotic signaling pathways. It is a synthetic derivative that is highly active against the resistant bacterial strains like Escherichia coli. According to a study conducted by Vedatam and Moller (2015) showed that this class of tetracycline is highly effective against the 87% of this strain of bacteria. The mechanism of action lies in the cessation of protein synthesis by binding to 30s ribosomal subunit that prevents the binding of tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex and interfere with the protein synthesis. Minocycline has less photosensitisation reaction as compared to other tetracyclines like doxycycline. It has a long half-life of 11 to 23 hours. It has high concentration in the tissues as it is widely distributed in the sputum and cerebrospinal fluid as compared to any other tetracyclines. As compared to blood, its concentration is higher in the body tissues with a percentage of 2 to 4 times higher. This drug has excellent administration in renal impaired patients. Generally, tetracyclines are greatly avoided in the impaired kidney patients, however, minocycline can be used in patients with kidney malfunctioning as the drug is eliminated through gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary tracts. It has low level of bacterial resistance as compared to tetracycline. One of the common resistance mechanisms by the bacteria is that it produces a thick lipid bilayer that does not allow the antibiotic to penetrate. However, minocycline is the most lipid soluble among all the tetracyclines and so it has minimal antibiotic resistance. The biggest disadvantage of minocycline is that it is most expensive than any other tetracyclines. It is highly contradicted in children leading to permanent teeth discoloration and enamel hypoplasia. The long-term consumption of this drug can give rise to complications like lupus-like syndromes leading to autoimmune responses where the body attacks its own cells. There are many symptoms of serum sickness-like reactions (SSLR) also occur where there is delayed allergic reaction and the bodys immune system interprets the drug as a foreign material. There is also intracranial hypertension or pseudotumor cerebri developed as a rare condition due to minocylcine use. Some vestibular side effects are also witnessed in minocycline and not in any other tetracyclines. It can cause nausea, severe dizziness, vomiting, ataxia and vertigo. According to a study conducted by Chang, A.K. and Olshaker (2014) vertigo was seen in 86% of the individuals. Hyper pigmentation is also manifested as a potent ial irreversible reaction. The hyper pigmentation of the skin increases with the duration of use, however, it is dose independent in nature. The daily administration of large amounts of ascorbic acid can help to prevent the hyper pigmentation. Doxycycline are tetracyclines that are absorbed readily and bind to the plasma proteins at varying concentrations. They are concentrated in the bile by the liver and in the excretion in the urine and faeces in a biologically active form at high concentrations. It works by inhibiting the matrix metalloproteinases that contribute to activities of tissue destruction. After the oral administration, they are virtually readily absorbed. The half-life of this drug does not change in people with renal function impairment. It has the ability to inhibit the protein synthesis of the bacteria by binding to the 30s ribosomal subunit. It has a bacteriostatic activity against the gram negative and gram-positive bacteria. The greatest advantage of this drug is that it has excellent safety with least adverse effects (Stone et al., 2016). It is highly suitable for the impaired renal function patients as it is eliminated via non-renal modes with no accumulation. The half-life is also long with once or twice daily dosing. It is highly effective against all kind of common pathogens that are likely to cause infections in upper respiratory tract like Streptococcus pneumonia. It has great anti-inflammatory effects and against the penicillin-resistant pathogens. It is also effective in inhibiting the metalloproteinases that are enzymes inhibit the gelatine and collagen production. Most importantly, this drug does not affect the intestinal flora as it is completely absorbed in the body. However, there are some disadvantages of Doxycycline. According to a study conducted by Dubey et al., (2015) showed that photosensitivity reaction manifested as an adverse effect of this drug. There is also a risk for intracranial hypertension and oesophageal ulceration. Moreover, prolonged use can result in superinfection. Structure-Activity-Relationships (SARs) of Tetracyclines There are a series of compounds that are developed to inhibit the 30s ribosomal subunit that is targeted by tetracycline. Neomycin and paromomycin are the aminoglycosides that were examined in bacterial cells Escherichia coli that have an inhibitory effect on the 30s ribosomal subunit. These drugs inhibit the protein synthesis, viable cell number and growth rate of the bacteria with inhibitory concentration of 50%. Paromomycin stimulate mistranslation via locking of the 30s particle so that mismatching of the base pair is stimulated in the presence of these antibiotics. This mechanism greatly suggest that these drugs affect the 30s ribosomal particle function having an inhibitory activity on the growing bacterial cells. The mode of action of these aminoglycosides is to inhibit the protein synthesis via pleiotrpic actions leading to alteration in translation at the steps of initiation, elongation and termination. The naturally occurring crystal structure of the antibiotics and the semi-synthetic structures bound to the ribosomal particles have an insight into the facilitation and designing of the drugs targeting bacteria. These drugs causes misreading on the 30s subunit and paromomycin stimulate mistranslation by locking to 30s particle conformation so that the base pairs mismatch as stimulated by these antibiotics. Neomycin also works in a similar fashion locking the conformation that prevents the 30s subunit conformation and in turn prevents the synthesis and maturation of the 50s ribosomal subunit. In some bacterial cells, the accumulation and turnover of 30s stalled precursor particle that is combined with the inhibition of translation account for the antibiotic bacteriocidal activity (Zimmermann et al., 2016). Examples of naturally occurring tetracycline drugs are chlortetracycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline. The semi-synthetic drugs are minocycline, methacycline and meclocycline. Based on the duration of action, tetracycline and chlortetracycline have half life of 6 to 8 hours. The drugs with immediate acting with half life of 12 hours like in metacycline and demeclocycline. The long acting drugs are 16 hours or more like doxycycline and minocycline. Tetracycline is used for the treatment of various diseases including the gram negative bacterial infections. In pneumonia, tetracycline travels through the membranes via the porin channels and gets accumulated in the periplasmic space. The movement through the cytoplasmic membrane is driven by the energy of proton motive force. After tetracycline enters the bacterial cell, it bind reversibly to the 30s ribosomal subunit of the prokaryote that stops the protein synthesis. A novel synthetic protocol for the synthesis of tetracycline analogs involves the synthesis of tetracycline ring system where a highly functionalised chiral enone (5) acts as the key intermediate using a convergent synthesis. This approach is useful for the preparation of hexacylcines, pentacylcines, C5-substituted or unsubstituted tetracyclines, 6-hydroxytetracyclines and tetracyclines with heterocyclic D-rings. The first step is the reaction of the enone with the anion that is formed by the deprotonation of the toluene (6) or benzylic halide undergoing metallation. This toluene deprotonation is useful in the preparation of 6-deoxytetracyclines that are without or with C5 substituent as well as for the pentacyclines. For this protocol, any kind of organometallic reagent can also be added during the cyclization process. The structure activity relationships (SAR) of tetracyclines are synthesized to create new antibiotics that can overcome the resistance mechanisms of tetracycline mechanisms. It is the relationship between the chemical structure and its biological activity of the molecule. The SAR analysis helps to determine the chemical group that is responsible for evoking the target biological effect in the body (Marczak, Grabowski and Feder 2015). An active tetracycline has antibacterial activity that have a DCBA naphthacene ring that is linearly arranged with an A-ring C1-C3 diketo substructure. It also have an exocyclic C2 amide or carbonyl group. They act as protein synthesis inhibitors in the bacteria that need the amino group at teh C4 position and keto-enolic tautomers at the C1 and C3 positions of the A ring. The amino group that is present at the C4 position plays an important role in the antibacterial mechanism. The dimethylamino group at the C4 position with natural 4S isomer is pivotal for the optimization of antibacterial activities. The epimerization that occurs at the 4R isomer greatly decreases the activity of the Gram-negative bacteria. The chemical modification of the amide group at the C5 and C9 position greatly affects the bioactivity and are designed to generate antibacterial activities at varying degrees. In the tetracycline structure, the D ring is subjected to maximum change as it is highly flexible. The modifications done at the groups R1, R2 and R3 allows high bacterial specificity and in fulfilling the demands of the changing pharmacokinetics. This varying and flexible structure of tetracycline makes them effective antibiotics against bacterial infections. Ongoing Research and Future Directions Extensive research is going on identifying the tetracycline-resistant strains of bacteria to understand the underlying mechanism that leads to resistance. Moreover, there is also ongoing research to study and identify the sites of the resistant pathogens so that the risk of exposure can be reduced in the bacterial infection. There is also research going on in identifying the specific genes that are responsible for the resistance. By identifying the resistant genes, it would be easy to develop methods that inactivate these genes. There is ongoing research to study the tetracycline-resistant determinants like tetA, tetB and tetC genes. These genes are responsible for pumping out of tetracycline from the bacterium called tetracycline efflux. The gene tetM, tetracycline resistant gene is under investigation that is found in gram negative and positive bacteria (Daghrir and Drogui 2013). Although extensive research has been made to enhance the antibacterial activity of the tetracycline drugs, there is limited research made to reduce the anti-bacterial resistance. Despite of the new developments that are being made to study the bacterial resistance leading to development of new antibiotics, bacteria are continuing to evolve and develop resistance. Future research is required that would help to study the bacterial resistance and would be beneficial to develop new antibiotics. The investigations into the genetic mechanisms are required so that the underlying resistance mechanisms can be understood. As research progresses, study of antibiotic resistance should focus on the mechanisms of tetracycline efflux, ribosome protection and modification of tetracycline (Sharma et al. 2016). Tetracycline class acts as protein synthesis inhibitors and the investigation of these compound series helps to understand the underlying mechanism that is involved in the bacterial resistance. The series of the tetracycline compounds could also be improved to understand the underlying mechanisms involved in the progression of bacterial infection and ways to inhibit it through the development of the drugs. This tetracycline series could be further improved or progressed to the clinical trials as it is a broad spectrum of antibiotics. It has the capacity to alleviate many neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis. This involves the anti-apoptotic effects of tetracycline that can be utilized through randomized control trails. Moreover, doxycycline under tetracycline class can also be improved through gene therapy via plasmid that encodes tumor necrosis factor-alpha for the treatment of arthritis. Tetracycline has poor affinity for 80s eukaryotic ribosomes and weak in inhibiting protein synthesis. Therefore, clinical trials can prove to improve this activity of tetracyclines. It can also be improved and used as tool to study the gene function. Furthermore, it can also be used in clinical trials to study the gene alteration that contribute to the tetracycline expression and related phenotypic consequences. It can be improved to increase the efficiency of the antimicrobials against the gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria. It can also be progressed to clinics for studying the development of drug-resistance in bacteria so that it is able to maintain the effectiveness of the antibacterial drugs (Myers et al. 2016). References Chang, A.K. and Olshaker, J.S., 2014. Dizziness and vertigo.Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby. Daghrir, R. and Drogui, P., 2013. Tetracycline antibiotics in the environment: a review.Environmental Chemistry Letters,11(3), pp.209-227. Dubey, K.K., Agrawal, D., Soni, S.L., Namdev, A. and Singh, S.P., 2015. A Review On Oro-Dispersible Doxycycline TabletsAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol,3(6), pp.1-10. Forsberg, K.J., Patel, S., Wencewicz, T.A. and Dantas, G., 2015. The tetracycline destructases: a novel family of tetracycline-inactivating enzymes.Chemistry biology,22(7), pp.888-897. Marczak, M., Grabowski, T. and Feder, M., 2015. Relationship between Tetracyclines Structure and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration of Streptococcus spp.Drug research,65(08), pp.410-415. Myers, A.G., Charest, M.G., Lerner, C.D., Brubaker, J.D. and Siegel, D.R., Fellows Of Harvard College, 2016.Synthesis of tetracyclines and analogues thereof. U.S. Patent 9,365,493. Nguyen, F., Starosta, A.L., Arenz, S., Sohmen, D., Dnhfer, A. and Wilson, D.N., 2014. Tetracycline antibiotics and resistance mechanisms.Biological chemistry,395(5), pp.559-575. Sharma, V.K., Johnson, N., Cizmas, L., McDonald, T.J. and Kim, H., 2016. A review of the influence of treatment strategies on antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes.Chemosphere,150, pp.702-714. 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Voice Recognition Essays (559 words) - , Term Papers

Voice Recognition The future is here! Computers deciphering speech, cars commandeered by satellite and miracles of miniaturization are a reality. Are you ready to take advantage of this technology? Voice recognition along with these other new advances in technology are going to vastly increase the accessibility and function of personal computers. As viable working speech recognition software reaches the people the way we work with computers will be transformed. This hands-free technology will allow our words per minute to be dictated by our ability to express coherent ideas verbally, versus our typing skills. At first we may have to tolerate some clunky or limited command interactions but as the software evolves we can expect to see even greater accessibility for people of lesser computer skills. For those who use computers daily, hand held computers with voice input will increase their own ability to multitask. We'll soon be able to walk, talk, word-process and chew gum all at once. The miniaturization of technology is putting greater power in our grasp daily. The personal computer will soon be off our lap and in our palm. What used to take up the space of a desk may soon be no larger than a Walkman. This technology is bound to put a dent in your pocketbook, however we can expect that competition in the market will eventually lower prices. Advancements in heads up display, or HUD technology will further integrate the computer with our everyday lives. Developed early on for fighter pilots, the military now has a lightweight headgear unit for the foot soldier. This marriage of information at a glance and sustained interaction with the non-virtual world will be a breakthrough for ease of use in the civilian domain. If you thought Walkmans were annoying, we may now have to listen to the chatter of these people walking around with their computer headsets. Those with the latest in guidance and navigational technology in their automobiles will now be able to compute on the commute. As these couplings of advancement in technology become a reality an even broader segment of the population will have access to these tools. Whether or not these advancements will increase a connectedness through communication amongst people or further detachment in the first person remains to be seen. I personally am excited at the thought of having this technology at my side in the not so distant future. How soon will we have the voice recognition software? Three companies; Dragon Systems, Lernout & Hawspie and IBM, are selling remarkably good software that lets you speak into a microphone to dictate documents and control your PC. The programmers certainly have their work cut out for them. Will we forgive them if we dictate Recognize Speech and it comes out, wreck a nice beach? I believe as the technology continues to be refined, voice interfacing will become par for the course. Technology advancements have brought us an ease of use, which with continuing development promises to draw more people closer yet to their PC's. Fifteen years ago computers were a hobby at best for the public at large. The early Tandy's and Commadore 64's had little practical application and multi-tasking was a gleam in the BASIC programmer's eye. With the rapid pace of advancements, one can only imagine what the next fifteen years hold in store. Technology Essays